Jewish initiater1/4/2023 A complaint to the princes who had issued the safe-conduct brought no redress since all agreed that "the enemies of Christ" deserved no better treatment. Nevertheless a party of German robber-nobles plundered them of their possessions, and held them until a substantial ransom was paid. The travelers had obtained safe-conduct passes from the Saxon princes. Illustrative of the dangers under which synods then convened is the synod of 1386 held in Weissefels, Saxony, consisting of both rabbis and laymen who were to deliberate on religious matters. Jekuthiel and other prominent scholars, ḥaliẓah was the main topic discussed. In July 1381, at a council in Mainz attended by the local rabbi Moses b. Isaac "Or Zaru'a," convened an assembly to rule on the question of offering legal advice to a litigant. In the 14 th century the German *Ḥayyim b. Baruch of Rothenburg, after consulting Jedidiah of Speyer by letter, called a meeting of community representatives at Nuremberg to regulate the problem of wives who deserted their husbands, the so-called "intractable wife" ( moredet). No further synods are known to have taken place until one met at Mainz (c. Three years later another meeting at Speyer reenacted the regulations of the two previous conventions. In 1220 a gathering at Mainz reaffirmed some of the decisions of the previous synod and added a number of new items. Some time later an assembly of rabbis adopted resolutions on 20 major legal, moral, and communal matters. It dealt with ḥaliẓah and other subjects. Kalonymus presided over a synod at one of these cities. The French synods were followed by meetings in the three Rhine cities of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz (Heb. The subject discussed was the dowry of a wife who died within the first year of marriage. Representatives attended from the communities of the Kingdom of France, and from Normandy and Poitiers. Another synod took place also at Troyes after 1160. The phrasing of the takkanot shows that by "informers" the rabbis also understood ideological opponents who were ready to turn for support to Christian rulers. Among questions of Jewish law discussed were those relating to *informers and litigation by Jews in non-Jewish courts. The first full-fledged Ashkenazi synod should probably be dated around 1150. Like the later fairs in Poland and Lithuania, they were a convenient place to hold conventions. Gershom." Synods were often held at fairs, like those of Champagne. Judah and were known as the " Ḥerem of R. #Jewish initiater seriesThe dates on which these synods were held and the identity of their initiators cannot be clearly established because of the tendency to ascribe synodal activity to a single scholar a whole series of synodal resolutions of a later period were attributed to *Gershom b. The communities of northern France were the first to inaugurate a long series of synods, which resorted to the sanction of the ḥerem ("ban"). The need was felt in the context of the Jewish dispersion and the breakup of the established central institutions, coupled with the diminishing influence of the geonim and exilarchs which had become manifestly evident by the second half of the 11 th century. The synods originated from, and were activated by, the ideal of reference to a central halakhic authority and a unifying national leadership. SYNODS, conventions of rabbis, with or without the participation of laymen, held to deliberate and adopt *takkanot (regulations) and decide on ways and methods of exerting social and moral leadership.
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